PostgreSQL UNION 操作符
PostgreSQL UNION 操作符合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果。
UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集。
请注意,UNION 内部的每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时,每个 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。
语法
UNIONS 基础语法如下:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition] UNION SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。
实例
创建 COMPANY 表(下载 COMPANY SQL 文件 ),数据内容如下:
runoobdb# select * from COMPANY; id | name | age | address | salary ----+-------+-----+-----------+-------- 1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000 2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000 3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000 4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000 5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000 6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall| 45000 7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000 (7 rows)
创建 DEPARTMENT 表(下载 DEPARTMENT SQL 文件 ),数据内容如下:
runoobdb=# SELECT * from DEPARTMENT; id | dept | emp_id ----+-------------+-------- 1 | IT Billing | 1 2 | Engineering | 2 3 | Finance | 7 4 | Engineering | 3 5 | Finance | 4 6 | Engineering | 5 7 | Finance | 6 (7 rows)
现在,我们在 SELECT 语句中使用 UNION 子句将两张表连接起来,如下所示:
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID UNION SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
得到结果如下:
emp_id | name | dept --------+-------+-------------- 5 | David | Engineering 6 | Kim | Finance 2 | Allen | Engineering 3 | Teddy | Engineering 4 | Mark | Finance 1 | Paul | IT Billing 7 | James | Finance (7 rows)
UNION ALL 子句
UNION ALL 操作符可以连接两个有重复行的 SELECT 语句,默认地,UNION 操作符选取不同的值。如果允许重复的值,请使用 UNION ALL。
语法
UINON ALL 子句基础语法如下:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition] UNION ALL SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。
实例
现在,让我们把上面提到的两张表用 SELECT 语句结合 UNION ALL 子句连接起来:
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID UNION ALL SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
得到结果如下:
emp_id | name | dept --------+-------+-------------- 1 | Paul | IT Billing 2 | Allen | Engineering 7 | James | Finance 3 | Teddy | Engineering 4 | Mark | Finance 5 | David | Engineering 6 | Kim | Finance 1 | Paul | IT Billing 2 | Allen | Engineering 7 | James | Finance 3 | Teddy | Engineering 4 | Mark | Finance 5 | David | Engineering 6 | Kim | Finance (14 rows)
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